{"id":328,"date":"2010-07-13T01:13:50","date_gmt":"2010-07-13T01:13:50","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.dgen.net\/blog\/?page_id=328"},"modified":"2026-04-16T12:29:14","modified_gmt":"2026-04-16T12:29:14","slug":"webcasting-history","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/dgen.net\/0\/webcasting-history\/","title":{"rendered":"Webcasting &#038; streaming (history)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n\n<style>\n.dg1wc{font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;padding:0 2rem;background:#fff;border-radius:12px;box-shadow:0 2px 12px rgba(0,0,0,0.18)}\n\n\/* Section scaffold *\/\n.dg1wc-sec{border-bottom:1px solid #e4eaf0;padding:1.25rem 0}\n.dg1wc-sec:last-child{border-bottom:none;padding-bottom:1.5rem}\n.dg1wc-sh{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:10px;margin-bottom:.9rem}\n.dg1wc-lbl{font-size:12px;letter-spacing:.1em;text-transform:uppercase;color:#911c35;font-weight:500;white-space:nowrap}\n.dg1wc-rule{flex:1;height:1px;background:#fad0d8}\n\n\/* Typography 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#fad0d8;padding-bottom:1px;text-decoration:none}\n.dg1wc-related-item a:hover{border-bottom-color:#911c35}\n\n\/* CTA *\/\n.dg1wc-cta{background:#1e3a5f;border-radius:8px;padding:1.25rem 1.5rem;display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;gap:1rem;flex-wrap:wrap}\n.dg1wc-cta p{font-size:14px;color:#f0f3f6;margin:0;line-height:1.6}\n.dg1wc-cta-links{display:flex;gap:.65rem;flex-wrap:wrap}\n.dg1wc-cta a{font-size:13px;color:#f0f3f6;text-decoration:none;border:1px solid #8fa8be;border-radius:6px;padding:.45rem 1rem;white-space:nowrap;transition:background .15s}\n.dg1wc-cta a:hover{background:#253d52;border-color:#e8edf2}\n\n@media(max-width:720px){\n  .dg1wc{padding:0 1rem}\n  .dg1wc-intro{flex-direction:column}\n  .dg1wc-intro-img{width:100%;height:180px}\n  .dg1wc-events-2col{grid-template-columns:1fr}\n  .dg1wc-tornado-float{float:none;width:100%;margin:0 0 1rem 0}\n}\n<\/style>\n\n\n  <!-- \u2500\u2500 Overview \u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500 -->\n  <div class=\"dg1wc-sec\">\n    <div class=\"dg1wc-sh\"><span class=\"dg1wc-lbl\">Webcasting &amp; streaming<\/span><span class=\"dg1wc-rule\"><\/span><\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"dg1wc-intro\">\n      <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"dg1wc-intro-img\"\n           src=\"https:\/\/dgen.net\/0\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/27475645751_acf0216088_h.jpg\"\n           alt=\"Eminem and crew at the Astoria\">\n      <div class=\"dg1wc-intro-right\">\n        <p class=\"dg1wc-p\">Over the years Gavin has run a large number of webcasts &#8211; from being the tech infrastructure to behind the camera or mixing desk, to running music and streaming at Virgin Net, to creative director, to running his own companies.<\/p>\n        <p class=\"dg1wc-p\">While most is media-based, some of the more important work included UK Prime Minister Tony Blair&#8217;s announcement of the Iraq war for Number 10 (before the news was released to the media) and Morgan Stanley&#8217;s disaster recovery webcasts after 9\/11.<\/p>\n        <p class=\"dg1wc-p\" style=\"font-size:13px;color:#7a95ae;font-style:italic\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/dgen\/27475645751\">Eminem and crew at the Astoria<\/a><\/p>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <p class=\"dg1wc-p\">Even before streaming existed as an idea, Gavin was involved in what was then called &#8220;real-time audio over the internet&#8221; in 1992-94 at Glasgow University&#8217;s music department &#8211; running a <a href=\"https:\/\/quod.lib.umich.edu\/cache\/\/b\/b\/p\/bbp2372.1993.067\/bbp2372.1993.067.pdf#page=1;zoom=75\">network of 40 NeXT machines across three sites<\/a> and developing virtual reality audio tools (resulting in <a href=\"https:\/\/dgen.net\/0\/1994\/08\/15\/aes-presentation\/\">AES<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/dgen.net\/0\/1994\/01\/25\/a-graphical-3-d-stereo-application\/\">ICMC<\/a> papers in 1994).<\/p>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <!-- \u2500\u2500 Virgin Net (1995-1999) \u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500 -->\n  <div class=\"dg1wc-sec\">\n    <div class=\"dg1wc-sh\"><span class=\"dg1wc-lbl\">Virgin Net (1995-1999)<\/span><span class=\"dg1wc-rule\"><\/span><\/div>\n\n    <p class=\"dg1wc-p\">After joining Virgin Net in 1995 as employee #5, Gavin put the first live simulcast (concurrent to national FM) webcasts online for UK radio stations:<\/p>\n\n    <table class=\"dg1wc-table\">\n      <thead><tr><th>Station<\/th><th>Year<\/th><th>Notes<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n      <tbody>\n        <tr>\n          <td><a href=\"http:\/\/www.virginradio.co.uk\">Virgin Radio<\/a><\/td>\n          <td>1996<\/td>\n          <td>The first service of its kind in Europe (1995 beta, 1996 launched). In 1997\/98 added on-demand listening to the <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chris_Evans_%28presenter%29#Virgin_Radio\">Chris Evans<\/a> show after broadcast &#8211; now called podcasting.<\/td>\n        <\/tr>\n        <tr>\n          <td><a href=\"http:\/\/www.classicfm.co.uk\/\">Classic FM<\/a><\/td>\n          <td>1996<\/td>\n          <td>Live-streamed via the same Virgin Net servers, which Gavin set up and ran for 4 years.<\/td>\n        <\/tr>\n        <tr>\n          <td><a href=\"http:\/\/www.totalkiss.com\">Kiss FM (Kiss 100)<\/a><\/td>\n          <td>1996<\/td>\n          <td>Live-streamed via Virgin Net servers. Later at Tornado, the full Emap portfolio of 13+ UK regional stations was added.<\/td>\n        <\/tr>\n      <\/tbody>\n    <\/table>\n\n    <a class=\"dg1wc-img-link\" href=\"https:\/\/dgen.net\/0\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Screenshot-2020-05-01-at-23.17.18.png\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n      <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dgen.net\/0\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Screenshot-2020-05-01-at-23.17.18-1024x607.png\"\n           class=\"dg1wc-img-sm\"\n           alt=\"Virgin Net Radio Tuner c1996-97\">\n    <\/a>\n    <p class=\"dg1wc-img-caption\">Virgin Net Radio Tuner, c.1996-97<\/p>\n\n    <p class=\"dg1wc-p\">This laid the groundwork for launching the <a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20000815211027\/www.virgin.net\/radio\/\">streaming radio tuner<\/a> on Virgin Net in 1997 &#8211; linking Virgin Net with over 30 stations worldwide (from Brazil to Australia). It rapidly became the second most popular service on the site. In 1998 Gavin added &#8220;Release Radio&#8221;, Virgin&#8217;s own web-only streaming station, and later set it up as the first web streaming service available on a mobile handset on Virgin Mobile (1999).<\/p>\n\n    <p class=\"dg1wc-p\">In 1998, Gavin led putting Virgin Megastores online. He proposed a monthly subscription service for streaming and downloading at \u00a39.99\/month, with a tiny Cambridge Electronics MP3 player included (an idea that predated Spotify and the iPod Shuffle by years).<\/p>\n\n    <a class=\"dg1wc-img-link\" href=\"https:\/\/dgen.net\/0\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Screenshot-2020-05-01-at-23.52.08.png\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n      <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dgen.net\/0\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Screenshot-2020-05-01-at-23.52.08-1024x552.png\"\n           class=\"dg1wc-img-sm\"\n           alt=\"Virgin Net TV tuner\">\n    <\/a>\n    <p class=\"dg1wc-img-caption\">The Virgin Net TV tuner &#8211; seems quaint now<\/p>\n\n    <p class=\"dg1wc-p\">In the middle of this, Gavin helped create the European Chapter of the <strong>International Webcasting Association<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n    <a class=\"dg1wc-img-link\" href=\"https:\/\/dgen.net\/0\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Screenshot-2020-05-01-at-23.56.33.png\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n      <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dgen.net\/0\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Screenshot-2020-05-01-at-23.56.33-1024x683.png\"\n           class=\"dg1wc-img-sm\"\n           alt=\"International Webcasting Association\">\n    <\/a>\n    <p class=\"dg1wc-img-caption\">International Webcasting Association &#8211; European Chapter<\/p>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <!-- \u2500\u2500 Live festivals \u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500 -->\n  <div class=\"dg1wc-sec\">\n    <div class=\"dg1wc-sh\"><span class=\"dg1wc-lbl\">Live festivals (1996-1998)<\/span><span class=\"dg1wc-rule\"><\/span><\/div>\n    <p class=\"dg1wc-p\">Directing, producing, sourcing, managing and implementing:<\/p>\n    <div class=\"dg1wc-events\">\n      <div class=\"dg1wc-event\">\n        <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Talvin_Singh\">Talvin Singh<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Courtney_Pine\">Courtney Pine<\/a> and <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cleveland_Watkiss\">Cleveland Watkiss<\/a> at the Vibe Bar, Brick Lane (1996)\n        <span class=\"dg1wc-event-note\">One of the first live concert webcasts in the country &#8211; around 300 listeners to the 20kbps audio stream. Twenty years later, Gavin was still streaming from Brick Lane (RinseFM was opposite the Vibe Bar until 2016).<\/span>\n      <\/div>\n      <div class=\"dg1wc-event\">\n        <a href=\"http:\/\/www.nva.org.uk\/past-projects\/pre-secret+sign-virtual+world+orchestra\/\">NVA Virtual World Orchestra<\/a> at The Old Fruitmarket, Glasgow (1997)\n        <span class=\"dg1wc-event-note\">An early stage live webcast with collaborative composition and audio from over 100 countries blended into the live performance, and Stelarc physically connected to the web.<\/span>\n      <\/div>\n      <div class=\"dg1wc-event\">\n        <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tibetan_Freedom_Concert\">Tibetan Freedom Festival<\/a>, New York (1997)\n      <\/div>\n      <div class=\"dg1wc-event\">\n        <a href=\"http:\/\/www.neilobrienentertainment.com\/artist_profile.php?artID=41\">Dodgy<\/a> live from the Brixton Academy (1996)\n      <\/div>\n      <div class=\"dg1wc-event\">\n        <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/V_Festival\">V97 and V98<\/a> music festivals (1997, 1998)\n        <span class=\"dg1wc-event-note\">V97 was audio-only. Added a backstage chatroom so bands came off stage straight into online chat. Around 30k unique listeners over the weekend. V98 added video of the backstage chat and a roving Nokia 9000 Communicator for fans to chat directly with bands. Green Day trashed the cabin. About 100k unique listeners.<\/span>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    <p class=\"dg1wc-p\" style=\"margin-top:.75rem\">Personal favourites: the live webcast shows of <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ntk.net\/\">NTK<\/a> from the Global Cafe in Golden Square, and WebShack on Dean Street.<\/p>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <!-- \u2500\u2500 Webcast-chat \u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500 -->\n  <div class=\"dg1wc-sec\">\n    <div class=\"dg1wc-sh\"><span class=\"dg1wc-lbl\">Webcast-chat<\/span><span class=\"dg1wc-rule\"><\/span><\/div>\n    <p class=\"dg1wc-p\">Working with the Virgin Net community team, pioneering the idea of blending webcasting and celebrity chat formats &#8211; from formal TV-style 3-camera interviews to Brian May sitting in front of a laptop with a battery-powered guitar.<\/p>\n    <div class=\"dg1wc-events\">\n      <div class=\"dg1wc-event\">\n        <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brian_May\">Brian May<\/a> (Queen) &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/soundcloud.com\/gavin\/brian-may-interview-at-virgin-net\">audio archive<\/a> \/ <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=HrvWBRkJ3m8\">video<\/a>\n      <\/div>\n      <div class=\"dg1wc-event\"><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Patrick_Moore\">Astronomer Patrick Moore<\/a><\/div>\n      <div class=\"dg1wc-event\"><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ian_Bostridge\">Opera singer Ian Bostridge<\/a><\/div>\n      <div class=\"dg1wc-event\"><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Julian_Cope\">Julian Cope<\/a><\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <!-- \u2500\u2500 Tornado era \u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500 -->\n  <div class=\"dg1wc-sec\">\n    <div class=\"dg1wc-sh\"><span class=\"dg1wc-lbl\">Tornado Productions (1999-2003)<\/span><span class=\"dg1wc-rule\"><\/span><\/div>\n\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/dgen.net\/0\/overview\/tornado-history\/\" class=\"dg1wc-tornado-float\">\n      <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dgen.net\/0\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/04\/Tornado01.jpg\"\n           alt=\"Tornado Productions\" style=\"width:100%;border-radius:8px;display:block\">\n    <\/a>\n\n    <p class=\"dg1wc-p\">After leaving Virgin Net, Gavin set up <a href=\"https:\/\/dgen.net\/0\/overview\/tornado-history\/\">Tornado Productions<\/a>, which he sold in 2003, while continuing &#8220;special projects&#8221; (including <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ResonanceFM\">ResonanceFM<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Undercurrents_%28news%29\">Undercurrents<\/a> and <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ifiwatch.tv\">IFIwatch<\/a>) and streaming continuing after that (including <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rinse_FM\">RinseFM<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n    <p class=\"dg1wc-p\">At Tornado, the full Emap portfolio went online (Kiss 100 and 13 other UK regional stations). Tornado then took on the iconic festival webcasts for <a href=\"http:\/\/www.glastonburyfestivals.co.uk\/\">Glastonbury<\/a> (2001-2004) for <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Playlouder\">Playlouder<\/a> and the BBC, and Reading Festival (including the AOL backstage tent). Glastonbury won &#8220;Best use of Broadband&#8221; in the UK in 2001 and the weekend audience grew to around 700,000 &#8211; until the BBC took it back in-house.<\/p>\n\n    <div class=\"dg1wc-clearfix\"><\/div>\n\n    <p class=\"dg1wc-p\" style=\"margin-bottom:.5rem\">Music webcasts led by Tornado:<\/p>\n    <div class=\"dg1wc-events-2col\">\n      <div class=\"dg1wc-event\"><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chemical_Brothers\">Chemical Brothers<\/a> (2000)<\/div>\n      <div class=\"dg1wc-event\"><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Eminem\">Eminem<\/a> (London Astoria, 2000)<\/div>\n      <div class=\"dg1wc-event\"><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Robbie_Williams\">Robbie Williams<\/a> and co. &#8211; Ian Dury benefit, Brixton (2000)<\/div>\n      <div class=\"dg1wc-event\"><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Paul_Weller\">Paul Weller<\/a> (Royal Albert Hall, 2001)<\/div>\n      <div class=\"dg1wc-event\"><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Genesis_%28band%29\">Genesis<\/a> (from their producer&#8217;s kitchen, 1997)<\/div>\n      <div class=\"dg1wc-event\"><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Skunk_Anansie\">Skunk Anansie<\/a> (Manchester Apollo 1998; London Astoria 1999)<\/div>\n      <div class=\"dg1wc-event\"><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Add_N_to_X\">Add N to X<\/a> (London Astoria, 1998)<\/div>\n      <div class=\"dg1wc-event\"><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rage_Against_the_Machine\">Rage Against the Machine<\/a><\/div>\n      <div class=\"dg1wc-event\"><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/R.E.M.\">R.E.M.<\/a><\/div>\n      <div class=\"dg1wc-event\"><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Oasis_(band)\">Oasis<\/a><\/div>\n      <div class=\"dg1wc-event\"><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Talvin_Singh\">Talvin Singh<\/a><\/div>\n      <div class=\"dg1wc-event\"><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Scissor_Sisters\">Scissor Sisters<\/a><\/div>\n      <div class=\"dg1wc-event\"><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Courtney_Pine\">Courtney Pine<\/a><\/div>\n      <div class=\"dg1wc-event\"><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Love_and_Rockets_(band)\">Love and Rockets<\/a><\/div>\n      <div class=\"dg1wc-event\"><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Egg_%28band%29\">The Egg<\/a><\/div>\n      <div class=\"dg1wc-event\"><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dum_Dums_%28band%29\">Dum Dums<\/a><\/div>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <p class=\"dg1wc-p\" style=\"margin-top:.85rem;margin-bottom:.5rem\">Non-music and corporate webcasts:<\/p>\n    <div class=\"dg1wc-events-2col\">\n      <div class=\"dg1wc-event\"><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Irvine_Welsh\">Irvine Welsh<\/a><\/div>\n      <div class=\"dg1wc-event\"><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nick_Hornby\">Nick Hornby<\/a><\/div>\n      <div class=\"dg1wc-event\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.streamingmedia.com\/Articles\/Editorial\/Featured-Articles\/Tornado-Productions-a-corporate-profile-62184.aspx\">Rugby World Cup at Twickenham<\/a> (1999) &#8211; including a &#8220;pubcast&#8221; video fanzine for sportal.com<\/div>\n      <div class=\"dg1wc-event\"><a href=\"http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/1\/hi\/sport\/cricket\/135014.stm\">Lady Diana memorial cricket match at Lords<\/a> (1998) &#8211; live, with the BBC&#8217;s Jon Agnew and Peter Baxter<\/div>\n      <div class=\"dg1wc-event\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.wtn.net\/\">World Technology Network Awards<\/a><\/div>\n      <div class=\"dg1wc-event\"><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sony_Radio_Academy_Awards\">Sony Radio Academy Awards<\/a><\/div>\n      <div class=\"dg1wc-event\">Logica &amp; CMG: merger announcements and corporate communications<\/div>\n      <div class=\"dg1wc-event\">Shell Plc: end-to-end corporate communications<\/div>\n      <div class=\"dg1wc-event\">Rolls Royce: internal communications and masterclasses<\/div>\n      <div class=\"dg1wc-event\">Merrill Lynch: communications strategy<\/div>\n      <div class=\"dg1wc-event\">Cisco Systems: global video webcasts for IPTV<\/div>\n      <div class=\"dg1wc-event\">Christian Aid &#8211; self-publish video from any location (2001)<\/div>\n      <div class=\"dg1wc-event\">Tate Modern: indexed, searchable video using DreMedia\/Autonomy (2002)<\/div>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"dg1wc-pullquote\" style=\"margin-top:.85rem\">\n      <p>&#8220;Tornado is a professional, experienced entity and a valued partner.&#8221;<\/p>\n      <cite>Yahoo! Broadcast<\/cite>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"dg1wc-pullquote\">\n      <p>&#8220;Tornado processes, staff, technology and above all customer focus all operate at the highest level.&#8221; (I like that actual rocket scientists thought we had good processes.)<\/p>\n      <cite>Loral Cyberstar<\/cite>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <!-- \u2500\u2500 Definitions \u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500 -->\n  <div class=\"dg1wc-sec\">\n    <div class=\"dg1wc-sh\"><span class=\"dg1wc-lbl\">Tech and media language<\/span><span class=\"dg1wc-rule\"><\/span><\/div>\n    <div class=\"dg1wc-defs\">\n      <div class=\"dg1wc-def\">\n        <div class=\"dg1wc-def-term\">Webcast<\/div>\n        <p class=\"dg1wc-def-desc\">From about 1996: audio and\/or video, plus images\/photos, plus editorial, plus some kind of user-engagement (e.g. chat) around a specific event. Superseded by &#8220;live streaming&#8221; as a popular term, though streaming actually just describes the technology.<\/p>\n      <\/div>\n      <div class=\"dg1wc-def\">\n        <div class=\"dg1wc-def-term\">Streaming<\/div>\n        <p class=\"dg1wc-def-desc\">Tries to match the quality of delivery to available network capacity in realtime. If bandwidth drops, quality goes down. Doesn&#8217;t store the file locally &#8211; data is received, played and thrown away. Most media should\/will be streamed given continuous trends to higher bitrates and the need for scalable network management.<\/p>\n      <\/div>\n      <div class=\"dg1wc-def\">\n        <div class=\"dg1wc-def-term\">Live vs on-demand<\/div>\n        <p class=\"dg1wc-def-desc\">Webcasts are usually a live stream with a strong on-demand archive component. Depending on the event, 90% of the audience will be on the live piece, or 90% on the post-event output. For big music events it&#8217;s usually 50:50.<\/p>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <!-- \u2500\u2500 Related histories \u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500 -->\n  <div class=\"dg1wc-sec\">\n    <div class=\"dg1wc-sh\"><span class=\"dg1wc-lbl\">Related histories<\/span><span class=\"dg1wc-rule\"><\/span><\/div>\n    <div class=\"dg1wc-related\">\n      <div class=\"dg1wc-related-item\">\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/pulse\/beyond-engagement-13-years-thursday-night-internet-radio-dom-robinson-cdjre\">Dom Robinson<\/a> &#8211; industry veteran history: 13 years of Thursday night internet radio\n      <\/div>\n      <div class=\"dg1wc-related-item\">\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/blogs\/bbcinternet\/2007\/12\/brandons_history_of_bbc_on_the_2.html\">Brandon Butterworth<\/a> (Chief Scientist, BBC) &#8211; a fantastic summary of BBC work over this period\n      <\/div>\n      <div class=\"dg1wc-related-item\">\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/astickadogandaboxwithsomethinginit.com\/it-was-twenty-five-years-ago-today\/\">Bill Thompson<\/a> &#8211; a great summary of the first webcast in the UK, back in 1994\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <!-- \u2500\u2500 CTA \u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500 -->\n  <div class=\"dg1wc-sec\">\n    <div class=\"dg1wc-cta\">\n      <p>See also: Tornado Productions history and the full archive<\/p>\n      <div class=\"dg1wc-cta-links\">\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/dgen.net\/0\/overview\/tornado-history\/\">Tornado history -><\/a>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/dgen.net\/0\/overview\/archives\/\">From the vaults -><\/a>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/dgen.net\/0\/overview\/biog-gavin-starks\/\">Full biog -><\/a>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Webcasting &amp; streaming Over the years Gavin has run a large number of webcasts &#8211; from being the tech infrastructure to behind the camera or [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":20,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","template":"page-templates\/page_fullwidth.php","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-328","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/PfJFK3-5i","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/dgen.net\/0\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/328","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/dgen.net\/0\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/dgen.net\/0\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dgen.net\/0\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dgen.net\/0\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=328"}],"version-history":[{"count":100,"href":"https:\/\/dgen.net\/0\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/328\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8113,"href":"https:\/\/dgen.net\/0\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/328\/revisions\/8113"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/dgen.net\/0\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=328"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}